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Two major components that are widely used in most of growing technology like IOT  are Sensors and Actuators.

Sensor:

It is a device that is used to detect any change in abident condition or in state of device.
Major types of sensor are :-

Light sensor :detect any change light device.
Temperature sensor : It is used to detect increase or decrease of temperature of device.
Sound sensor:It detect any change in sound of device.

Sometimes some error in sensing some common error
Offset error:output signal differ from correct value by constant factor.
Hystrisis error:error in output due Heat.
Quantization error:This error occurs in digital devices.

Actuators:

After detection of change in state of system it is the actuators which is responsible for taking action on system.

It is responsible for control mechanism of system.
Actuator is composed of two parts control signal which is received from sensor and source of energy with the help of which it takes action on devices.

Types of Actuators:

Hydralic actuators:motors uses hydraulic power to facilitate mechanical operation.
Pneumatic actuators:converts energy of vacuum to linear or rotatory motion.
Electrical actuators:motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy.
Thermal or Magnetic actuators:Use shape memory alloys applying thermal or magnetic energy.
Mechanical Actuators:converts rotatory motion into linear motion.
Soft Actuators:Used in fragile objects like fruit harvesting in agriculture.